glossary of terms
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Glossary of Terms
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conglomerate - a combination of several different things, the parent company of multiple smaller companies.
subsidiary - a company created or beneath the higher conglomerate.
^ structure -
independent company - free of influence by government or other companies, stand-alone without the help of anything else.
public service model - delivers services that are in support or beneficial of the public interest.
joint venture - one company works with another on a project which is beneficial for both parties.
distribution - having a brand which reaches selected audience and the marketing.
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mise-en-Scène - placing in the scene. refers to everything shown on the screen.
setting - where the film / tv show is set. studio, production design, location.
diegesis - the fictional world (time and place) of the narrative. (di-eh-ge-sis)
verisimilitude - how real this world appears.
diegetic effect - the result of diegesis and verisimilitude.
props - any object held or used by an actor for use in in furthering the plot or story line. objects not used by the actors are simply 'set dressing.'
hero prop - any prop that gas to be seen functioning (like a gun that fires).
staging - the process of selecting, designing, adapting to, or modifying the performance space for a film.
blocking - the positions of actors on screen and connotes intimacy closeness camaraderie etc. between characters.
proxemic - the spatial relationships between them, how close they are and the impact it has.
costume - refers to the clothing a character wears, can be stereotypical or iconographic.
makeup - film making requires harsh bright lighting so all actors have to wear makeup to prevent their skin from looking shiny, or most women wear it to promote femininity.
prosthetics - special effects makeup that are used to change an actors appearance.
figure expression and figure movement - acting style, use of facial expressions to convey emotions. // how things move on screen. important for creating spectacle in action movies and musicals.
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connote - imply or suggest (an idea or feeling) in addition to the original meaning.
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cross media - across different forms of available media.
advertisement campaign - an organized course of action to promote a product or service.
taglines/slogans - brief phrase used to relay a brand's value
demographics - age, gender, ethnicity, religion, level of education, occupation.
psychometric - aspirer, explorer, mainstream, reformer, resigned, struggler, succeeder.
audience usage - occasion, benefit, user status, usage rate, loyalty status.
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geographics - location, time, local, national, global.
niche - small.
usp - unique selling point.
ethical issue - result of moral conflict.
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cinematography - made up of shot types, camera angles, composition and aspect ratio, lighting, colour, lens type, focus, camera movement. the lighting and camera work in a film. the person in charge is known as the cinematographer director of photography in the uk, and the lighting cameraperson in the us.
shot types
close shot - showing detail, emphasis, intimacy
extreme close up, close up, medium close up, big close up.
to show extreme detail, intimate claustraphobic can be uncomfortable, head and shoulders very common close enough to see facial expressions without being too uncomfortable, chest up also known as a bust shot one of the most commonly used close enough to see fascial and some background, often for conversations
medium shot - showing location establishing spatial relationship still close enough to show faces.
mid shot, medium long shot.
waist up one of most commonly used shots, knees up cowboy shot or plain americain good for two-shots and master shots
wide shot - showing action creating spectacle establishing the location establishing spatial relationships between character or object and for basically showing what is going on.
long shot, extreme long shot, master shot, establishing shot.
a shot where the subject fills the entire frame just above the characters head to below their feet. anything farther away than a long shot. the entire dramatised scene, start to finish, keeping all the players in view, sometimes can double as an establishing shot, foundation of camera coverage.
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camera angles
high angle, level, low angle, dutch / canted angle, top shot, aerial shot
level - shot at eye level and ate good for creating empathy with a character they are a neutral shot
high angles - establishing locations making subjects look small diminished weak powerless, just looking down on thigs
high - high angle top shot areal shot
high and low angles - matching eyelines for when a short person is talking to a tall person.
low angles - makings subjects look big, tall powerful, heroic intimidating just looking up at things
high angles -
top shot - shot looking straight down on the subject but not taken from an aircraft usually indoors
aerial shot - taken from an aircraft usually a helicopter but increasingly from a drone
arial establishing shot - an establishing shot. taken from aircraft. typically looking straight down before tilting up to reveal location or arcing around the location.
dutch canted angle - making things look strange surreal scary confusing off-kilter. they can be used to suggest insanity or intoxication. or cuz they look cool lol.
pov shots - objective / subjective. showing what a character is looking at. creating empathy with a character.
sub - first person pov. showing exactly what a character is looking at as if we are looking through their eyes. creating empathy with character. often used as a part of an eyeline match or with insert shots.
obj - showing, but not as if we are looking at as if we are looking through the characters eyes. creating empathy with them. over the shoulder shots are used as part of a shot reshot structure.
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individuals - can be categorised by gender, age, religion etc.
representation - the portrayal of someone or something in a particular way.
social groups - anything more than one. teenagers, goth/emo, lgbtq+, boomers.
stereotyping - a widely fixed image of a particular person (group) or thing.
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camera mounts
handheld, tripod / sticks, camera dolly, jib, crane, SteadiCam, SnorriCam, vehicle mount
handheld shots - used for action sequences, to connote freedom, movement, excitement. to get in amongst the action. to imitate news footage or home movie footage.
axis movement - achieved by using a tripod (sticks) to ensure a steady image.
- pan: rotate left, rotate right.
- roll: camera 'rolls' forwards / backwards, clockwise / anticlockwise.
- tilt: rotate up, rotate down.
tracking / dolly shots - the movement of a camera that is mounted on rail tracks.
track / truck / dolly in
track / truck / dolly out
track / truck / dolly / crab left
track / truck / dolly / crab right
arc shots - used to connote a 360 arc. can be used to connote confusion. often used in aerial establishing shots.
crane shots - used for high angle and establishing shots, sweeping movement.
jib - camera mounted on a jib that moves up and down
SteadiCam - used for action sequences, connotes freedom movement excitement. to get in amongst the action. similar to handheld shot, but much smoother.
SnorriCam - used to connote intoxication (drink and drugs 😋), madness, sickness. very unusual.
lens types - normal lens, wide angle lens, telephoto lens, zoom lens
normal - focal length of 35-50mm. image resembles the way a human eye perceives it. most commonly used lens.
wide angle - focal length shorter than 35mm. wider viewing than the human eye. increase depth perception.
telephoto - focal length 60-1200mm. makes distant objects appear closer.
zoom - variable focal length ranging from wide angle to telephoto. more versatile than fixed focal length lenses but can distort the images slightly.
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connotations - something that relates to something else. what you associate with an image. deeper or hidden meanings and associations.
denotations - what we actually see. the surface meaning.
Vickery and Hawkins suggest that independent companies license their films to various distribution companies who will release them on their behalf.
vertical integration - strategy whereby a company owns or controls its suppliers, or retail locations to control its value or supply chain.
horizontal integration - process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. a company may do this via acquisition or merger.
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synergy - the increase efficiency and profit that occurs as a result of horizontal and vertical integration. conglomerates form to cross promote. the combined value and performance of two companies will be greater than the sum of the separate individual parts.
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Todorov - 5 stage narrative theory. (1969).
can be applied to almost all film, tv, video games or radio dramas
equilibrium → disruption → realisation → repair → restoration
shot → reverse → shot
graphical match
eyeline match
180° shot rule
directional continuity
Claude Levi-Straus (1958)
Strauss' theory of narrative concludes that everything revolves around binary opposition.
structural anthropology within stories that are told within different cultures.
can be embedded in narrative and mise en scene
good vs evil, poor vs rich, black vs white
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Rick Altman (1999)
syntactic - (syntax) relations between these elements and the structure of the narrative in a genre.
semantic - communicating the conventions of the genre such as characters, locations and props.
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Steve Neale
- all genres contain instances of these, and difference is essential to the economy of the genre.
The films must fit within the correct conventions and stereotypes. though must subvert convention enough to be unique and not considered a clone.
Christian Metz
Genre theory of going through 4 changes in a cycle during their lifetime
- classic stage - the codes and conventions become iconic and idealised as 'the' guidelines for the genre
- parody stage - now conventions are widely recognised, they can be parodied and mocked.
- deconstruction stage - the genre can begin to evolve and merge with others.
mnemonic: Every Cow Plays Drums //// Ex Cla Pa De
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Bandura
he had 66 nursery children split into 3 different groups and had each group watch a video of someone beating up a doll. Group 1 watched the person be rewarded for beating it. Group 2 watched them be scolded. And group 3 watched nothing happen to the person. The children were then left in a playroom with the doll and a lot of toys, and when the first group were left, they messed about and beat the doll as a result of seeing an adult being praised for it. the other groups however were a lot calmer. however, for it to have been more accurate, there could have been a fourth group that they showed nothing to and left them in the playroom to see what happens.
Larry Gross and George Gerbner 1976
Suggests that repeated exposure to television over time can subtly ‘cultivates viewers’ perceptions of reality. GG and LG theorised that TV is a medium of the socialisation of most people into standardised roles and behaviours.
Desensitisation - make (someone) less likely to feel shock or distress at scenes of cruelty or suffering by overexposure to such images.
prolonged exposure to violent images numbs the effect of them when older.
Mean world syndrome – an assumption of cultivation theory (GG), to describe the phenomenon whereby violence related content in television and film makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is. e.g. people who watch a lot of violent stuff are more likely to believe that there are more murderers.
Anderson and Ferguson
high exposure to fast-paced violent games can lead to change in brain function when processing violent images, including dampening of emotional responses to violence.
Christopher J. Ferguson (2009-2012)
no long-term link over three years and games are now more important than ever for socialisation, feeling autonomy and control during an uncertain time, and just destressing.
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idea of cultures and societies having signs in them
denotations / connotations
continuity editing
long/short takes
continuity of shot
action match
transitions
establishing shot
master shot
insert shot
cutaway/parallel shot
shot, reverse, shot
eyeline match
ellipsis
montage sequence
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